Background and Objective: The prevalence and incidence of type
2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are increasing worldwide. Pre diabetes is a
high-risk state for the development of diabetes and its associated
complications. This study aims to determine the associated risk factors
among T2DM and pre diabetes patients among adult Saudi
population.
Methods: For the present study, we analyzed participants who
are older than 20 years old
and had undergone a blood test to assess HbA1c. A total of 1095 were
selected to be enrolled for the present study. All patients
were from the population of the Primary health and Diabetic Centres at
King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital. Participants were defined
as having T2DM according to self-report, clinical reports, use of anti
diabetic agents and HbA1c (≥6.5). Non T2DM participants
were divided into normoglycemic or pre diabetic group as follows: HbA1c
< 5.7, (normoglycemic) or HbA1c 5.7-6.4 (pre diabetes).
Laboratory assessments included HbA1c, lipids, creatinine and urinary
micro albumin.
Main results: Of the 1095 participants analyzed, 796 were
women (72.7%). Age was 45.1±11.1 and BMI was 30.7±5.7.
Hypertension had been diagnosed in 415 (38.2%) participants. Blood
measurements revealed the following values: creatinine
68.2±22.0umol/L , Urine micro albumin (g/min) 55.4±200.3, total
cholesterol levels 4.9±1.0mmol/L, high density lipoprotein
1.3±0.3mmol/L, triglyceride levels 1.5±0.7 and low density lipoprotein
3.0±0.9mmol/L. Of the overall 1095 analyzed participants,
pre diabetes was present in 362(33.1%), 368(33.6%) were classified as
T2DM and 365 (33.3%) as normoglycemic. When comparing
pre diabetic with normoglycemic and T2DM population, pre diabetic
subjects were more likely to have hypertension and higher
triglyceride than normoglycemic but less than T2DM subjects. In
addition, pre diabetic patients compared with T2DM ones had
higher levels of low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein.
Logistic regression analysis showed no significant association
of any of the co variables with normoglycemic subjects in front of the
pre diabetic reference group, whereas the odds of being in
the diabetic group gets multiplied by 7.56 for each unitary increase in
male gender (p< 0.0001, OR: 7.56, 95% CI 3.16-18.23). Also,
individuals with hypertension had higher odds of being in the DM group
than in the prediabetic (p<0 .0001, OR: 6.06, 95% CI 3.25-
11.28). Age of subjects had lower odds of being in the DM group than in
the pre diabetic (p<0 .0001, OR: 0.85, 95% CI (0.82-0.89).
Conclusion: This study found the major clinical differences
between pre diabetic and T2DM Patients were the higher
hypertension and hypertriglyceridenia in the T2DM patients. Clearly,
despite the small sample size, this study has posed important
public health issues that require immediate attention from the health
authority. Unless immediate steps are taken to contain the
increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, pre diabetes, the health
care costs for chronic diseases will pose an enormous financial
burden to the country.
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